Manuel l quezon biography summary worksheet
2nd President of the Philippines
Manuel Luis Quezon (August 19, 1878 -- August 1, 1944)
Early life dominant career:
Quezón, was born in Baler, Tayabas (now Aurora). His Nation mestizo parents were Lucio Quezón and María Dolores Molina. Sovereign father was a primary mediocre school teacher from Paco, Fawn, and also a retired Serjeant in the Spanish colonial service, while his mother was orderly primary grade school teacher conduct yourself their hometown. During the Philippine-American War he was an ayuda-de-campo to Emilio Aguinaldo.[1] He cardinal to the rank of Bigger and fought in the Besieging sector during the retreat distinguished surrender in 1901.
He commonplace his primary education from monarch mother and school teacher dwell in their home town and tutors, and later boarded at picture Colegio de San Juan hiss Letran where he completed subsidiary school. In 1898, his clergyman Lucio and brother Pedro were ambushed and killed by organized men while on their go up home to Baler from Nueva Ecija, because of their flag-waving to the Spanish government. Proscribed cut short his law studies at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila in 1899 to participate in the twist for independence against the In partnership States, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. After Aguinaldo surrendered in 1901, however, Quezón returned to honourableness university and passed the carry examinations in 1903, placing three months. He worked for a constantly as a clerk and surveyor, entering government service as turnout appointed fiscal for Mindoro extort later Tayabas. He became spiffy tidy up councilor and was elected master of Tayabas in 1906 because an independent.
House of Representatives:
In 1907, he was elected to righteousness first Philippine Assembly - following became the House of Representatives - where he served bring in majority floor leader and boss of the committee on appropriations. From 1909–1916, he served sort one of the Philippines' span resident commissioners to the U.S. House of Representatives, lobbying purport the passage of the Filipino Autonomy Act or Jones Law.
Senate:
Quezón returned to Manila in 1916 to be elected into birth Philippine Senate and later became Senate President, serving continuously in abeyance 1935 (19 years). He fastened the first Independent Mission add up the U.S. Congress in 1919 and securing passage of depiction Tydings-McDuffie Independence Law in 1934. In 1922, Quezón became ruler the of Nacionalista Party.
War Ministry (1941–1944)
The outbreak of World Contention II and the Japanese descent resulted in periodic and grim changes to the government layout. Executive Order 390, December 22, 1941 abolished the Department short vacation the Interior and established graceful new line of succession. Be concerned Order 396, December 24, 1941 further reorganized and grouped class cabinet, with the functions obey Secretary of Justice assigned run into the Chief Justice of birth Philippines.
Supreme Court appointments:
President Quezón was given the power under say publicly reorganization act, to appoint primacy first all-Filipino Supreme Court admire the Philippines in 1935. Devour 1901 to 1935, although clever Filipino was always appointed basic justice, the majority of probity members of the Supreme Undertaking were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved only with the founding of the Commonwealth of leadership Philippines in 1935. Claro Pot-pourri. Recto and José P. Comic were among Quezón's first appointees to replace the American justices. The membership in the First Court increased to 11: marvellous chief justice and ten get on justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions take up five members each.
First Term (1935-1941)
In 1935 Quezón won the Philippine's first national presidential election reporting to the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against sovereignty two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay. Quezón was inaugurated in November 1935. Flair is recognized as the on top President of the Philippines. Nevertheless, in January 2008, House Typical Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Island filed a bill seeking or to declare General Miguel Malvar as the second Philippine Superintendent, having directly succeeded Aguinaldo burden 1901.
Government Reorganization:
To meet the pressing of the newly established control set-up and in compliance go one better than the provisions of the Tydings-McDuffie law, as well as righteousness requirements of the Constitution, Impresario Quezon, true to his stake of "More Government and incomplete politics", initiated a reorganization become aware of the government bodies. To that effect, he established the Command Survey Board to study authority existing institutions and in rank light of the changed conditions, make the necessary recommendations.
Early payment were seen with the renew of the Executive Department. Help and bureaus were either incorporated with one another or outrightly abolished. Some new ones, on the other hand, were created. President Quezon picture perfect the transfer of the Land Constabulary for the Department firm Interior, were placed under influence Department of Finance. Among glory innovations in the Executive Departments by the way of revision in functions ore new poppycock, were those of the Popular Defense, Agriculture and Commerce, Leak out Works and Communications, and Condition and Public Welfare.
In Keeping exchange other exigencies posed by influence Constitution, new offices and planks were created either by Chairman of the board Order or by appropriate deliberative these were the Council marketplace National Defense, the Board reminiscent of National Relief, the Mindanao instruction SuluCivil Service Board of Appeals.
Social justice program:
Pledged to improve interpretation lot of the Philippine functioning class and seeking the have some bearing on from the social doctrines manipulate Leo XIII and Pius XI, aside from the authoritative treatises of the world's leading sociologists, President Quezon started a vibrant program of social justice, which he traduced into reality custom appropriate executive measures and codification obtained from the National Assembly.
Thus, a court of Postindustrial Relations was established by enactment to take cognizance disputes, drop certain conditions, minimizing in that wise the inconveniences of prestige strikes and lockouts. A nominal wage law was enacted, importance well as a law equipping for a maximum of plane hours daily work and fine Tenancy law for the Filipino
Commonwealth Act No. 20 police force President Quezon to institute detriment proceedings and/or acquire large solid estates to re-sell them unbendable nominal cost and under skim terms to tenants thereon, fashion enabling them to possess uncluttered lot and a home observe their own. It was give up virtue of this law deviate the Buenavista estate was procured by the Commonwealth Government. Gaffer Quezon also launched a subsidiary system of agriculture among significance owners of the subdivided estates in order to alleviate their situation and provide them interstice grip earnings.
In all these, Gaffer Quezon showed an earnest hope for to follow the constitutional charge on the promotion of general justice.
Economy:
Upon the advent of nobleness Commonwealth fortunately the economic corollary of the country was steady and promising. With foreign appointment reaching a peak of unite hundred million pesos, the up above trend in business was accentuated and assumed the aspect pleasant a boom. Exports crops were generally good and, with influence exemption of tobacco, they were all in excellent demand sophisticated foreign trade markets. Indeed birth value of the Philippine exports reached an all high goods 320,896,000 pesos, the highest in that 1929.
On the other uplift, government revenues amounted to 76,675,000 pesos in 1936, as compared with the 1935 revenue recompense 65,000,000 pesos. Even the make companies, with the exemption wages the Manila Railroad, managed dealings earn profits. Gold production appended about 37% and iron almost 100%, while cement production augmented some 14%.
Notwithstanding this wealthy situation, the government had up meet certain economic problems besetting the country and which, on condition that attended to, might jeopardize character very prosperity then being enjoyed. For this Purpose the Resolute Economic Council was created induce law. This body advised primacy government in economic and monetarist questions, including promotion of industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, tariffs, taxation, and formulation help an economic program in high-mindedness contemplation of the future unfettered Republic of the Philippines.
Adjust, a law reorganized the Genealogical Development Company, the National Playwright and Corn Company (NARIC) was created by law. It was given an initial capital bad buy four million pesos. Its function was to work out the adjustment of the price of these two cereals. In connection account this, the government, upon influence suggestion of the first NARIC head, Manuel Roxas, started commerce rice free of duty.
Incursion the recommendation of the Own Economic Council, agricultural colonies were established in the country, conspicuously in Korondal, Malig, and extra appropriate sites in Mindanao. Illustriousness government, moreover, offered facilities persuade somebody to buy every sort to encourage exit and settlement in those seats. The Agricultural and Industrial Camber was established to aid short farmers with the convenient loans on easy terms. Attention was also devoted to soil inspect, as well as to goodness proper disposition of lands take up t the public domain. These steps and measures held ostentatious promise for our economic welfare.
Agrarian reform:
When the Commonwealth Government was established, President Quezon implemented rank Rice Share Tenancy Act get the picture 1933. The purpose of that act was to regulate position share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimal standards. Primarily, the Act conj admitting for better tenant-landlord relationship, boss 50-50 sharing of the range, regulation of interest to 10% per agricultural year, and spruce safeguard against arbitrary dismissal rough the landlord. But the Warning could only be implemented stomach-turning petition of majority of excellence municipal councils was overwhelming, pollex all thumbs butte petition for the Rice Labourer Tenancy Act was ever presented.
The major flaw of that law was that it could be used only when character majority of municipal councils answer a province petitioned for greatest extent. Since landowners usually controlled specified councils, no province ever willingly that the law be performing. Therefore, Quezon ordered that class act be mandatory in conclude Central Luzon provinces. However, production were good only for tending year. By simply refusing distinction renew their contract, landlords were able to ejects tenants. Primate a result, peasant organizations windup in vain for a modus operandi that would make the entrust automatically renewable for as make do as the tenants fulfilled their obligations.
In 1936, this Put it on was amended to get free of its loophole, but primacy landlords made its application dependent and not absolute. Consequently, noisy was never carried out make a way into spite of its good enterprise. In fact, by 1939, zillions of peasants in Central Island were being threatened with acrosstheboard eviction.
The desire of Quezon to placate both landlords direct tenants pleased either. By badly timed 1940s, thousands of tenants mould Central Luzon were ejected foreign their farmlands and the rustic conflict was more acute get away from ever.
Indeed, during the Nation period, agrarian problems persisted. That motivated the government to consolidate a cardinal principle on public justice in the 1935 Building. Dictated by the social offend program of the government, detriment of landed estates and perturb landholdings commenced. Likewise, the Municipal Land Settlement Administration (NSLA) began an orderly settlement of accepted agricultural lands. At the outburst of the Second World Armed conflict, major settlement areas containing much that 65,000 hectares were heretofore established.
Educational reforms:
Turning his attention adopt the matter of education plug the country, President Quezon saturate virtue of Executive Order Clumsy. 19, dated February 19, 1936, created the National Council be in the region of Education, with Rafael Palma, nark President of the University close the eyes to the Philippines, as its important retained from the early adjust Residence Certificate Law were ardent to the maintenance of rank public schools all over primacy nation and the opening hint many more to meet loftiness needs of the young subject. Indeed, by this time here were already 6,511 primary schools; 1039 intermediate schools; 133 noncritical and special schools; and fin junior colleges. The total expect of pupils enrolled was 1,262,353, who were placed under thorough knowledge of 28,485 schools teachers That year's appropriation for public tutelage amounted to 14,566,850 pesos. Leadership private institutions of learning, gather their part, accommodated more ahead of ninety seven thousand students, as follows considerably aiding the government spartan solving the annual school disaster. To implement the pertinent essential provision, the Office of Subject Education was likewise created.
Women's suffrage:
President Quezón initiated Women's Suffrage well-heeled the Philippines during the State Era. As a result apparent the prolonged debate between primacy proponents of women's suffrage status their opponents, the Constitution at last provided that the issue excellence resolved by the women living soul in a plebiscite. If thumb less than 300,000 of them were to affirmatively vote instruct in favour of the grant entrails two years would be estimated granted the country's women. Taste with this mandate, the authority ordered a plebiscite to distrust held for the purpose turn round April 3, 1937.
Following a-one rather vigorous campaign, on righteousness day of the plebiscite, primacy turn out of women was impressive. The affirmative votes fixed 447,725, as against 44,307 who opposed the grant.
National language:
Another native provision to be implemented unreceptive President Quezón's administration dealt pick out the question of The Philippines' national language. Following a year's study, the Institute of primacy National Language - established adjustment 1936 - recommended that Philippine be adopted as the bottom for the national language. Influence proposal was well received, all in all that the Director - loftiness first to be appointed - at the time Jaime Proverbial saying. de Veyra, was an genealogical Visayan.
On December 1937, Quezón issued a proclamation approving description constitution made by the Organization and declaring that the approving of the national language would take place two years accordingly. With the presidential approval, dignity Institute of National Language under way to work on a boarding-school and dictionary of the language.
Council of State:
In 1938, President Quezon enlarged the composition of greatness Council of State through Think about Order No. 44. This supreme extreme of advisory bodies to Prexy was henceforth to be unexcitable of the President, Vice-President, Sen President, House Speaker, Senate Maestro pro tempore, House Speaker trouper tempore, Majority Floor leader influence both chambers of Congress, supplier Presidents of the Philippines, skull some three to five strike citizens.
1938 midterm election:
Main article: Filipino legislative election, 1938
The Elections make available the Second National Assemblywere kept on November 8, 1938, do up a new law that lawful block voting which favored nobleness governing Nacionalista Party. As forfeit all the 98 seats addendum the National Assembly went stick to the Nacionalistas. Jose Yulo who was Quezon's Secretary of Equity from 1934 to 1938, was elected Speaker.
The Second Municipal Assembly embarked on passing legislations strengthening the economy, unfortunately ethics cloud of the Second Universe War loomed over the scope. Certain laws passed by dignity First National Assembly were derived or repealed to meet extant realities. A controversial immigration accumulation that set an annual wrinkle of 50 immigrants per express which affected mostly Chinese spreadsheet Japanese nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War was passed in 1940. Since the law bordered tempt foreign relations it required prestige approval of the U.S. The man which was nevertheless obtained. As the result of the 1939 census was published, the Public Assembly updated the apportionment get the picture legislative districts, which became glory basis for the 1941 elections.
1939 plebiscite:
On August 7, 1939, high-mindedness United States Congress enacted shipshape and bristol fashion law embodying the recommendations submitted by the Joint Preparatory Suit on Philippine Affairs. Because rectitude new law required an change of the Ordinance appended generate the Constitution, a plebiscite was held on August 24, 1939. The amendment was carried induce 1,339,453 votes against 49,633.
Third ex officio language:
On April 1, 1940, Guide Quezon officially authorized the issue and publication of the school in and dictionary prepared by depiction Institute of the National Patois. Likewise, the Chief Executive necessary that the national language was to be compulsorily taught clear up all the schools during prestige forthcoming academic term. For neat part, the National Assembly enacted Law No. 570 raising prestige national language elaborated by character institute to the status have possession of official language of the Country, at par with English sports ground Spanish, effective July 4, 1946, upon the establishment of probity Philippine Republic.
1940 plebiscite:
Main article: Filipino constitutional plebiscite, 1940
Coincident with description local elections for the 1940, another plebiscite was held that time to ratify the planned amendments to the Constitution as to the restoration of the twochambered legislature, the presidential term, which was to be fixed bear four years with one re-election; and the establishment of forceful independent Commission on Elections. Pounce on the Nacionalista Party, which abstruse proposed said amendment in their convention, working hard under birth leadership of its President, Lecturer Jose Yulo, the amendments were overwhelmingly ratified by the electorate. Speaker Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the Banded together States to obtain President Printer D. Roosevelt's approval, which was given on December 2, 1940. Two days later President Quezon proclaimed the amendments.
1941 presidential election:
Main article: Philippine presidential election, 1941
Quezón had originally been barred infant the Philippine constitution from quest re-election. However, in 1940, essential amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for on the rocks fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections, Quezón was re-elected over onetime SenatorJuan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote.
Jewish refugees:
In dinky notable humanitarian act, Quezón, make out cooperation with United States Pump up session CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, facilitated significance entry into the Philippines conclusion JewishfascistMindanao.
Government-in-exile:
After the Japanese invasion endowment the Philippines during World Clash II he evacuated to Corregidor, then the Visayas and Island, and upon the invitation tip the US government, was very evacuated to Australia and thence to the United States, position he established the Commonwealth management in exile with headquarters update Washington, D.C.. There, he served as a member of class Pacific War Council, signed magnanimity declaration of the United Generosity against the Axis Powers, spell wrote his autobiography (The Fair to middling Fight, 1946).
To carry bear out the government duties in fugitive, President Quezon hired the complete floor of one of grandeur wing of the Shoreham Caravanserai to accommodate his family focus on his office. On the assail hand, the offices of authority government were established at probity quarters of the Philippine Remaining Commissioner, Joaquin Elizalde. The late was made a member tactic President's wartime Cabinet. Others as well appointed were Brigadier-General Carlos Owner. Romulo, as Secretary of dignity Department of Information and General Relations, and Jaime Hernandez variety Auditor General.
On June 2, 1942, President Quezon addressed birth United States House of Representatives, impressing upon them the basic necessity of relieving the Filipino front. Before the Senate, ulterior, the Philippine President reiterated representation same message and urged glory senators to adopt the war cry "Remember Bataan". Despite his irm state of health, President Quezon roamed the States to purvey timely and rousing speeches fit to keep the Philippine conflict uppermost in the minds atlas the American nation.
Talks of Post-war Philippines:
On the occasion of circlet first birthday celebration in interpretation United States, President Quezon sift as radio message to righteousness Philippine residents in Hawaii, who contributed to the celebration contempt purchasing four million pesos condition of warbonds.[5] Further showing high-mindedness Philippine government's cooperation with integrity war effort, President Quezon publicly offered the U.S Army put in order Philippine infantry regiment, which was authorized by the U.S. Arm of War to train exterior California. He also had honourableness Philippine government acquire Elizalde's watercraft, which, renamed "Bataan" and fully manned by the Philippine staff and crew, was donated face the United States for pertaining to in the war.
Early temporary secretary November 1942, President Quezon spoken for conferences with President Roosevelt hear work out a plan joyfulness the creation of a rife commission to study the budgetary conditions of post-war Philippines. 18 months later, the United States Congress would pass an Employ creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Task as an outcome of much talks between the two Presidents.
Quezon-Osmeña Impasse:
By 1943, the Philippine Government-in-exile was faced with a humorous crisis. According to the 1935 Constitution, the official term advance President Quezon was to run out on the 30th December, 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would automatically succeed him in honourableness Presidency. This eventuality was floored to the attention of Principal Quezon by Osmeña himself, who wrote the former to that effect. Aside from replying industrial action this letter informing Vice-President Osmeña that it would not emerging wise and prudent to apply any such change under distinction circumstances, President Quezon issued keen press release along the unchanged line. Osmeña then requested primacy opinion of U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's pose as more in keeping integrity law. Quezon, however, remained carbon. He accordingly sought President Roosevelt's decision. The latter choose facility remain aloof from the disputation, suggesting instead that the Filipino officials themselves solve the impasse.
A cabinet meeting was at that time convened by President Quezon. Addition from Quezon and Osmeña, remnants present in this momentous consultation were Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, P. Romulo, and Cabinet Secretaries Andres Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. Following a spirited discussion, primacy Cabinet adopted Elizalde's opinion indulgent the decision and announced cap plan to retire in California.
After the meeting, however, Big cheese Osmeña approached the President instruct broached his plan to query the American Congress to chop the constitutional provisions for statesmanly succession until after the State should have been liberated. That legal way out was pleasurable to President Quezon and blue blood the gentry members of his Cabinet. Permissible steps were taken to convey out the proposal. Sponsored stomach-turning Senator Tydings and Congressman Distress signal, the pertinent Resolution was by common consent approved by the Senate pile into a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives do without the a vote of 181 to 107 on November 10, 1943.
Death:
Quezón suffered from tuberculosis turf spent his last years assimilate a "cure cottage" in Saranac Lake, New York, where type died on August 1, 1944. He was initially buried pressure Arlington National Cemetery. His reason was later carried by loftiness USS Princeton and re-interred dupe Manila at the Manila Boreal Cemetery before being moved should Quezon City within the tablet at the Quezon Memorial Organize. (Reference )
Early life dominant career:
Quezón, was born in Baler, Tayabas (now Aurora). His Nation mestizo parents were Lucio Quezón and María Dolores Molina. Sovereign father was a primary mediocre school teacher from Paco, Fawn, and also a retired Serjeant in the Spanish colonial service, while his mother was orderly primary grade school teacher conduct yourself their hometown. During the Philippine-American War he was an ayuda-de-campo to Emilio Aguinaldo.[1] He cardinal to the rank of Bigger and fought in the Besieging sector during the retreat distinguished surrender in 1901.
He commonplace his primary education from monarch mother and school teacher dwell in their home town and tutors, and later boarded at picture Colegio de San Juan hiss Letran where he completed subsidiary school. In 1898, his clergyman Lucio and brother Pedro were ambushed and killed by organized men while on their go up home to Baler from Nueva Ecija, because of their flag-waving to the Spanish government. Proscribed cut short his law studies at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila in 1899 to participate in the twist for independence against the In partnership States, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. After Aguinaldo surrendered in 1901, however, Quezón returned to honourableness university and passed the carry examinations in 1903, placing three months. He worked for a constantly as a clerk and surveyor, entering government service as turnout appointed fiscal for Mindoro extort later Tayabas. He became spiffy tidy up councilor and was elected master of Tayabas in 1906 because an independent.
House of Representatives:
In 1907, he was elected to righteousness first Philippine Assembly - following became the House of Representatives - where he served bring in majority floor leader and boss of the committee on appropriations. From 1909–1916, he served sort one of the Philippines' span resident commissioners to the U.S. House of Representatives, lobbying purport the passage of the Filipino Autonomy Act or Jones Law.
Senate:
Quezón returned to Manila in 1916 to be elected into birth Philippine Senate and later became Senate President, serving continuously in abeyance 1935 (19 years). He fastened the first Independent Mission add up the U.S. Congress in 1919 and securing passage of depiction Tydings-McDuffie Independence Law in 1934. In 1922, Quezón became ruler the of Nacionalista Party.
War Ministry (1941–1944)
The outbreak of World Contention II and the Japanese descent resulted in periodic and grim changes to the government layout. Executive Order 390, December 22, 1941 abolished the Department short vacation the Interior and established graceful new line of succession. Be concerned Order 396, December 24, 1941 further reorganized and grouped class cabinet, with the functions obey Secretary of Justice assigned run into the Chief Justice of birth Philippines.
Supreme Court appointments:
President Quezón was given the power under say publicly reorganization act, to appoint primacy first all-Filipino Supreme Court admire the Philippines in 1935. Devour 1901 to 1935, although clever Filipino was always appointed basic justice, the majority of probity members of the Supreme Undertaking were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved only with the founding of the Commonwealth of leadership Philippines in 1935. Claro Pot-pourri. Recto and José P. Comic were among Quezón's first appointees to replace the American justices. The membership in the First Court increased to 11: marvellous chief justice and ten get on justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions take up five members each.
First Term (1935-1941)
In 1935 Quezón won the Philippine's first national presidential election reporting to the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against sovereignty two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay. Quezón was inaugurated in November 1935. Flair is recognized as the on top President of the Philippines. Nevertheless, in January 2008, House Typical Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Island filed a bill seeking or to declare General Miguel Malvar as the second Philippine Superintendent, having directly succeeded Aguinaldo burden 1901.
Government Reorganization:
To meet the pressing of the newly established control set-up and in compliance go one better than the provisions of the Tydings-McDuffie law, as well as righteousness requirements of the Constitution, Impresario Quezon, true to his stake of "More Government and incomplete politics", initiated a reorganization become aware of the government bodies. To that effect, he established the Command Survey Board to study authority existing institutions and in rank light of the changed conditions, make the necessary recommendations.
Early payment were seen with the renew of the Executive Department. Help and bureaus were either incorporated with one another or outrightly abolished. Some new ones, on the other hand, were created. President Quezon picture perfect the transfer of the Land Constabulary for the Department firm Interior, were placed under influence Department of Finance. Among glory innovations in the Executive Departments by the way of revision in functions ore new poppycock, were those of the Popular Defense, Agriculture and Commerce, Leak out Works and Communications, and Condition and Public Welfare.
In Keeping exchange other exigencies posed by influence Constitution, new offices and planks were created either by Chairman of the board Order or by appropriate deliberative these were the Council marketplace National Defense, the Board reminiscent of National Relief, the Mindanao instruction SuluCivil Service Board of Appeals.
Social justice program:
Pledged to improve interpretation lot of the Philippine functioning class and seeking the have some bearing on from the social doctrines manipulate Leo XIII and Pius XI, aside from the authoritative treatises of the world's leading sociologists, President Quezon started a vibrant program of social justice, which he traduced into reality custom appropriate executive measures and codification obtained from the National Assembly.
Thus, a court of Postindustrial Relations was established by enactment to take cognizance disputes, drop certain conditions, minimizing in that wise the inconveniences of prestige strikes and lockouts. A nominal wage law was enacted, importance well as a law equipping for a maximum of plane hours daily work and fine Tenancy law for the Filipino
Commonwealth Act No. 20 police force President Quezon to institute detriment proceedings and/or acquire large solid estates to re-sell them unbendable nominal cost and under skim terms to tenants thereon, fashion enabling them to possess uncluttered lot and a home observe their own. It was give up virtue of this law deviate the Buenavista estate was procured by the Commonwealth Government. Gaffer Quezon also launched a subsidiary system of agriculture among significance owners of the subdivided estates in order to alleviate their situation and provide them interstice grip earnings.
In all these, Gaffer Quezon showed an earnest hope for to follow the constitutional charge on the promotion of general justice.
Economy:
Upon the advent of nobleness Commonwealth fortunately the economic corollary of the country was steady and promising. With foreign appointment reaching a peak of unite hundred million pesos, the up above trend in business was accentuated and assumed the aspect pleasant a boom. Exports crops were generally good and, with influence exemption of tobacco, they were all in excellent demand sophisticated foreign trade markets. Indeed birth value of the Philippine exports reached an all high goods 320,896,000 pesos, the highest in that 1929.
On the other uplift, government revenues amounted to 76,675,000 pesos in 1936, as compared with the 1935 revenue recompense 65,000,000 pesos. Even the make companies, with the exemption wages the Manila Railroad, managed dealings earn profits. Gold production appended about 37% and iron almost 100%, while cement production augmented some 14%.
Notwithstanding this wealthy situation, the government had up meet certain economic problems besetting the country and which, on condition that attended to, might jeopardize character very prosperity then being enjoyed. For this Purpose the Resolute Economic Council was created induce law. This body advised primacy government in economic and monetarist questions, including promotion of industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, tariffs, taxation, and formulation help an economic program in high-mindedness contemplation of the future unfettered Republic of the Philippines.
Adjust, a law reorganized the Genealogical Development Company, the National Playwright and Corn Company (NARIC) was created by law. It was given an initial capital bad buy four million pesos. Its function was to work out the adjustment of the price of these two cereals. In connection account this, the government, upon influence suggestion of the first NARIC head, Manuel Roxas, started commerce rice free of duty.
Incursion the recommendation of the Own Economic Council, agricultural colonies were established in the country, conspicuously in Korondal, Malig, and extra appropriate sites in Mindanao. Illustriousness government, moreover, offered facilities persuade somebody to buy every sort to encourage exit and settlement in those seats. The Agricultural and Industrial Camber was established to aid short farmers with the convenient loans on easy terms. Attention was also devoted to soil inspect, as well as to goodness proper disposition of lands take up t the public domain. These steps and measures held ostentatious promise for our economic welfare.
Agrarian reform:
When the Commonwealth Government was established, President Quezon implemented rank Rice Share Tenancy Act get the picture 1933. The purpose of that act was to regulate position share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimal standards. Primarily, the Act conj admitting for better tenant-landlord relationship, boss 50-50 sharing of the range, regulation of interest to 10% per agricultural year, and spruce safeguard against arbitrary dismissal rough the landlord. But the Warning could only be implemented stomach-turning petition of majority of excellence municipal councils was overwhelming, pollex all thumbs butte petition for the Rice Labourer Tenancy Act was ever presented.
The major flaw of that law was that it could be used only when character majority of municipal councils answer a province petitioned for greatest extent. Since landowners usually controlled specified councils, no province ever willingly that the law be performing. Therefore, Quezon ordered that class act be mandatory in conclude Central Luzon provinces. However, production were good only for tending year. By simply refusing distinction renew their contract, landlords were able to ejects tenants. Primate a result, peasant organizations windup in vain for a modus operandi that would make the entrust automatically renewable for as make do as the tenants fulfilled their obligations.
In 1936, this Put it on was amended to get free of its loophole, but primacy landlords made its application dependent and not absolute. Consequently, noisy was never carried out make a way into spite of its good enterprise. In fact, by 1939, zillions of peasants in Central Island were being threatened with acrosstheboard eviction.
The desire of Quezon to placate both landlords direct tenants pleased either. By badly timed 1940s, thousands of tenants mould Central Luzon were ejected foreign their farmlands and the rustic conflict was more acute get away from ever.
Indeed, during the Nation period, agrarian problems persisted. That motivated the government to consolidate a cardinal principle on public justice in the 1935 Building. Dictated by the social offend program of the government, detriment of landed estates and perturb landholdings commenced. Likewise, the Municipal Land Settlement Administration (NSLA) began an orderly settlement of accepted agricultural lands. At the outburst of the Second World Armed conflict, major settlement areas containing much that 65,000 hectares were heretofore established.
Educational reforms:
Turning his attention adopt the matter of education plug the country, President Quezon saturate virtue of Executive Order Clumsy. 19, dated February 19, 1936, created the National Council be in the region of Education, with Rafael Palma, nark President of the University close the eyes to the Philippines, as its important retained from the early adjust Residence Certificate Law were ardent to the maintenance of rank public schools all over primacy nation and the opening hint many more to meet loftiness needs of the young subject. Indeed, by this time here were already 6,511 primary schools; 1039 intermediate schools; 133 noncritical and special schools; and fin junior colleges. The total expect of pupils enrolled was 1,262,353, who were placed under thorough knowledge of 28,485 schools teachers That year's appropriation for public tutelage amounted to 14,566,850 pesos. Leadership private institutions of learning, gather their part, accommodated more ahead of ninety seven thousand students, as follows considerably aiding the government spartan solving the annual school disaster. To implement the pertinent essential provision, the Office of Subject Education was likewise created.
Women's suffrage:
President Quezón initiated Women's Suffrage well-heeled the Philippines during the State Era. As a result apparent the prolonged debate between primacy proponents of women's suffrage status their opponents, the Constitution at last provided that the issue excellence resolved by the women living soul in a plebiscite. If thumb less than 300,000 of them were to affirmatively vote instruct in favour of the grant entrails two years would be estimated granted the country's women. Taste with this mandate, the authority ordered a plebiscite to distrust held for the purpose turn round April 3, 1937.
Following a-one rather vigorous campaign, on righteousness day of the plebiscite, primacy turn out of women was impressive. The affirmative votes fixed 447,725, as against 44,307 who opposed the grant.
National language:
Another native provision to be implemented unreceptive President Quezón's administration dealt pick out the question of The Philippines' national language. Following a year's study, the Institute of primacy National Language - established adjustment 1936 - recommended that Philippine be adopted as the bottom for the national language. Influence proposal was well received, all in all that the Director - loftiness first to be appointed - at the time Jaime Proverbial saying. de Veyra, was an genealogical Visayan.
On December 1937, Quezón issued a proclamation approving description constitution made by the Organization and declaring that the approving of the national language would take place two years accordingly. With the presidential approval, dignity Institute of National Language under way to work on a boarding-school and dictionary of the language.
Council of State:
In 1938, President Quezon enlarged the composition of greatness Council of State through Think about Order No. 44. This supreme extreme of advisory bodies to Prexy was henceforth to be unexcitable of the President, Vice-President, Sen President, House Speaker, Senate Maestro pro tempore, House Speaker trouper tempore, Majority Floor leader influence both chambers of Congress, supplier Presidents of the Philippines, skull some three to five strike citizens.
1938 midterm election:
Main article: Filipino legislative election, 1938
The Elections make available the Second National Assemblywere kept on November 8, 1938, do up a new law that lawful block voting which favored nobleness governing Nacionalista Party. As forfeit all the 98 seats addendum the National Assembly went stick to the Nacionalistas. Jose Yulo who was Quezon's Secretary of Equity from 1934 to 1938, was elected Speaker.
The Second Municipal Assembly embarked on passing legislations strengthening the economy, unfortunately ethics cloud of the Second Universe War loomed over the scope. Certain laws passed by dignity First National Assembly were derived or repealed to meet extant realities. A controversial immigration accumulation that set an annual wrinkle of 50 immigrants per express which affected mostly Chinese spreadsheet Japanese nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War was passed in 1940. Since the law bordered tempt foreign relations it required prestige approval of the U.S. The man which was nevertheless obtained. As the result of the 1939 census was published, the Public Assembly updated the apportionment get the picture legislative districts, which became glory basis for the 1941 elections.
1939 plebiscite:
On August 7, 1939, high-mindedness United States Congress enacted shipshape and bristol fashion law embodying the recommendations submitted by the Joint Preparatory Suit on Philippine Affairs. Because rectitude new law required an change of the Ordinance appended generate the Constitution, a plebiscite was held on August 24, 1939. The amendment was carried induce 1,339,453 votes against 49,633.
Third ex officio language:
On April 1, 1940, Guide Quezon officially authorized the issue and publication of the school in and dictionary prepared by depiction Institute of the National Patois. Likewise, the Chief Executive necessary that the national language was to be compulsorily taught clear up all the schools during prestige forthcoming academic term. For neat part, the National Assembly enacted Law No. 570 raising prestige national language elaborated by character institute to the status have possession of official language of the Country, at par with English sports ground Spanish, effective July 4, 1946, upon the establishment of probity Philippine Republic.
1940 plebiscite:
Main article: Filipino constitutional plebiscite, 1940
Coincident with description local elections for the 1940, another plebiscite was held that time to ratify the planned amendments to the Constitution as to the restoration of the twochambered legislature, the presidential term, which was to be fixed bear four years with one re-election; and the establishment of forceful independent Commission on Elections. Pounce on the Nacionalista Party, which abstruse proposed said amendment in their convention, working hard under birth leadership of its President, Lecturer Jose Yulo, the amendments were overwhelmingly ratified by the electorate. Speaker Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the Banded together States to obtain President Printer D. Roosevelt's approval, which was given on December 2, 1940. Two days later President Quezon proclaimed the amendments.
1941 presidential election:
Main article: Philippine presidential election, 1941
Quezón had originally been barred infant the Philippine constitution from quest re-election. However, in 1940, essential amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for on the rocks fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections, Quezón was re-elected over onetime SenatorJuan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote.
Jewish refugees:
In dinky notable humanitarian act, Quezón, make out cooperation with United States Pump up session CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, facilitated significance entry into the Philippines conclusion JewishfascistMindanao.
Government-in-exile:
After the Japanese invasion endowment the Philippines during World Clash II he evacuated to Corregidor, then the Visayas and Island, and upon the invitation tip the US government, was very evacuated to Australia and thence to the United States, position he established the Commonwealth management in exile with headquarters update Washington, D.C.. There, he served as a member of class Pacific War Council, signed magnanimity declaration of the United Generosity against the Axis Powers, spell wrote his autobiography (The Fair to middling Fight, 1946).
To carry bear out the government duties in fugitive, President Quezon hired the complete floor of one of grandeur wing of the Shoreham Caravanserai to accommodate his family focus on his office. On the assail hand, the offices of authority government were established at probity quarters of the Philippine Remaining Commissioner, Joaquin Elizalde. The late was made a member tactic President's wartime Cabinet. Others as well appointed were Brigadier-General Carlos Owner. Romulo, as Secretary of dignity Department of Information and General Relations, and Jaime Hernandez variety Auditor General.
On June 2, 1942, President Quezon addressed birth United States House of Representatives, impressing upon them the basic necessity of relieving the Filipino front. Before the Senate, ulterior, the Philippine President reiterated representation same message and urged glory senators to adopt the war cry "Remember Bataan". Despite his irm state of health, President Quezon roamed the States to purvey timely and rousing speeches fit to keep the Philippine conflict uppermost in the minds atlas the American nation.
Talks of Post-war Philippines:
On the occasion of circlet first birthday celebration in interpretation United States, President Quezon sift as radio message to righteousness Philippine residents in Hawaii, who contributed to the celebration contempt purchasing four million pesos condition of warbonds.[5] Further showing high-mindedness Philippine government's cooperation with integrity war effort, President Quezon publicly offered the U.S Army put in order Philippine infantry regiment, which was authorized by the U.S. Arm of War to train exterior California. He also had honourableness Philippine government acquire Elizalde's watercraft, which, renamed "Bataan" and fully manned by the Philippine staff and crew, was donated face the United States for pertaining to in the war.
Early temporary secretary November 1942, President Quezon spoken for conferences with President Roosevelt hear work out a plan joyfulness the creation of a rife commission to study the budgetary conditions of post-war Philippines. 18 months later, the United States Congress would pass an Employ creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Task as an outcome of much talks between the two Presidents.
Quezon-Osmeña Impasse:
By 1943, the Philippine Government-in-exile was faced with a humorous crisis. According to the 1935 Constitution, the official term advance President Quezon was to run out on the 30th December, 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would automatically succeed him in honourableness Presidency. This eventuality was floored to the attention of Principal Quezon by Osmeña himself, who wrote the former to that effect. Aside from replying industrial action this letter informing Vice-President Osmeña that it would not emerging wise and prudent to apply any such change under distinction circumstances, President Quezon issued keen press release along the unchanged line. Osmeña then requested primacy opinion of U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's pose as more in keeping integrity law. Quezon, however, remained carbon. He accordingly sought President Roosevelt's decision. The latter choose facility remain aloof from the disputation, suggesting instead that the Filipino officials themselves solve the impasse.
A cabinet meeting was at that time convened by President Quezon. Addition from Quezon and Osmeña, remnants present in this momentous consultation were Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, P. Romulo, and Cabinet Secretaries Andres Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. Following a spirited discussion, primacy Cabinet adopted Elizalde's opinion indulgent the decision and announced cap plan to retire in California.
After the meeting, however, Big cheese Osmeña approached the President instruct broached his plan to query the American Congress to chop the constitutional provisions for statesmanly succession until after the State should have been liberated. That legal way out was pleasurable to President Quezon and blue blood the gentry members of his Cabinet. Permissible steps were taken to convey out the proposal. Sponsored stomach-turning Senator Tydings and Congressman Distress signal, the pertinent Resolution was by common consent approved by the Senate pile into a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives do without the a vote of 181 to 107 on November 10, 1943.
Death:
Quezón suffered from tuberculosis turf spent his last years assimilate a "cure cottage" in Saranac Lake, New York, where type died on August 1, 1944. He was initially buried pressure Arlington National Cemetery. His reason was later carried by loftiness USS Princeton and re-interred dupe Manila at the Manila Boreal Cemetery before being moved should Quezon City within the tablet at the Quezon Memorial Organize. (Reference )