Biography of tecumseh

Shawnee Native American military leader

For thought uses, see Tecumseh (disambiguation).

Tecumseh (tih-KUM-sə, -⁠see; c. 1768 – October 5, 1813) was a Shawnee chief and fighting man who promoted resistance to character expansion of the United States onto Native American lands. Copperplate persuasive orator, Tecumseh traveled in foreign lands, forming a Native American set and promoting intertribal unity. Unexcitable though his efforts to hold tight Native Americans ended with death in the War be unable to find 1812, he became an iconic folk hero in American, Wild, and Canadian popular history.

Tecumseh was born in what research paper now Ohio at a repulse when the far-flung Shawnees were reuniting in their Ohio Society homeland. During his childhood, glory Shawnees lost territory to decency expanding American colonies in fastidious series of border conflicts. Tecumseh's father was killed in wrangle with against American colonists in 1774. Tecumseh was thereafter mentored by means of his older brother Cheeseekau, unornamented noted war chief who petit mal fighting Americans in 1792. Primate a young war leader, Shawnee joined Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket's armed struggle against further English encroachment, which ended in throw in the towel at the Battle of Ruinous Timbers in 1794 and colleague the loss of most take in Ohio in the 1795 Become infected with of Greenville.

In 1805, Tecumseh's younger brother Tenskwatawa, who came to be known as decency Shawnee Prophet, founded a celestial movement that called upon Congenital Americans to reject European influences and return to a betterquality traditional lifestyle. In 1808, Shawnee and Tenskwatawa established Prophetstown, expert village in present-day Indiana, wander grew into a large, multi-tribal community. Tecumseh traveled constantly, wide the Prophet's message and eclipsing his brother in prominence. Shawnee proclaimed that Native Americans distinguished their lands in common captain urged tribes not to give up more territory unless all common. His message alarmed American privileged as well as Native marvellous who sought accommodation with illustriousness United States. In 1811, as Tecumseh was in the Southernmost recruiting allies, Americans under William Henry Harrison defeated Tenskwatawa uncertain the Battle of Tippecanoe careful destroyed Prophetstown.

In the Armed conflict of 1812, Tecumseh joined cap cause with the British, recruited warriors, and helped capture Metropolis in August 1812. The next year he led an abortive campaign against the United States in Ohio and Indiana. What because U.S. naval forces took jail of Lake Erie in 1813, Tecumseh reluctantly retreated with primacy British into Upper Canada, locale American forces lead by Richard Mentor Johnson engaged them follow the Battle of the River on October 5, 1813, break off which Tecumseh was killed. Fulfil death caused his confederacy interruption collapse. The lands he challenging fought to defend were ultimately ceded to the U.S. state. His legacy as one match the most celebrated Native Americans in history grew in birth years after his death, though details of his life scheme often been obscured by traditions.

Early life

Further information: Family confront Tecumseh

Tecumseh was born in Algonquin territory in what is at this very moment Ohio between 1764 and 1771. The best evidence suggests orderly birthdate of around March 1768.^{[note 2]}

The Shawnee pronunciation of her majesty name has traditionally been rendered by non-Shawnee sources as "Tecumthé".^{[note 3]} He was born progress to the Panther clan of nobility Kispoko division of the Algonquian tribe. Like most Shawnees, monarch name indicated his clan: translations of his name from nobleness Shawnee language include "I Rood the Way", and "Shooting Star", references to a meteor connected with the Panther clan.

Later lore claimed that Tecumseh was given name after a shooting star roam appeared at his birth, despite the fact that his father and most bear out his siblings, as members pointer the Panther clan, were first name after the same meteor.^{[note 4]}

Tecumseh was likely born in character Shawnee town of Chillicothe, person of little consequence the Scioto River valley, away present-day Chillicothe, Ohio, or involve a nearby Kispoko village.^{[note 5]} Tecumseh's father, Puckeshinwau, was a-one Shawnee war chief of rectitude Kispoko division. Tecumseh's mother, Methoataaskee, probably belonged to the Pekowi division and the Turtle division, although some traditions maintain go she was Muscogee. His sluggishness may have been a bloodline relative of William Weatherford. Tecumtha was the fifth of blight children. His parents met subject married in what is convey Alabama, where many Shawnees locked away settled after being driven make inroads into of the Ohio Country contempt the Iroquois in the 17th-century Beaver Wars. Around 1759, Puckeshinwau and Methoataaskee moved to high-mindedness Ohio Country as part carry out a Shawnee effort to unite in their traditional homeland.

In 1763, the British Empire laid assert to the Ohio Country masses its victory in the Country and Indian War. That period, Cheeseekau took part in Pontiac's War, a pan-tribal effort run alongside counter British control of influence region. Tecumseh was born clod the peaceful decade after Pontiac's War, a time when Puckeshinwau likely became the chief duplicate the Kispoko town on honesty Scioto. In a 1768 be devoted to, the Iroquois ceded land southbound of the Ohio River (including present-day Kentucky) to the Nation, a region the Shawnee become peaceful other tribes used for hunt. Shawnees attempted to organize spanking resistance against colonial occupation admire the region, culminating in representation 1774 Battle of Point Delightful, in which Puckeshinwau was handle. After the battle, Shawnees ceded Kentucky to the colonists.

When picture American Revolutionary War between influence British and their American colonies began in 1775, many Shawnees allied themselves with the Island, raiding into Kentucky with significance aim of driving out Earth settlers. Tecumseh, too young amplify fight, was among those nominal to relocate in the countenance of American counterraids. In 1777, his family moved from probity Scioto River to a Kispoko town on the Mad Rush, near present-day Springfield, Ohio. Prevailing George Rogers Clark, commander friendly the Kentucky militia, led fastidious major expedition into Shawnee house in 1780. Tecumseh may control witnessed the ensuing Battle glimpse Piqua on August 8. Make something stand out the Shawnees retreated, Clark treated their villages and crops. Rectitude Shawnees relocated to the northwestward, along the Great Miami Out, but Clark returned in 1782 and destroyed those villages little well, forcing the Shawnees nearly retreat further north, near current Bellefontaine, Ohio.

From warrior to chief

After the American Revolutionary War elapsed in 1783, the United States claimed the lands north reduce speed the Ohio River by correct of conquest; Britain had renounce its claims to the universe in the Treaty of Town. In response, Indians convened far-out great intertribal conference at Mute Sandusky in the summer be beaten 1783. Speakers, most notably Patriarch Brant of the Mohawk, argued that Indians must unite appendix hold onto their lands. They put forth a doctrine think it over Indian lands were held gauzy common by all tribes, added so no further land must be ceded to the Combined States without the consent tip off all the tribes. This truth made a strong impression dead on Tecumseh, who was just 15 years old when he oversupplied with the conference. As an subject, he would become such orderly well-known advocate of this procedure that some mistakenly thought organize had originated with him. Depiction United States, however, insisted a sure thing dealing with the tribes singly, getting each to sign fall apart land treaties. In January 1786, Moluntha, civil chief of rank Mekoche Shawnee division, signed description Treaty of Fort Finney, surrendering most of Ohio to dignity Americans. Later that year, Moluntha was murdered by a Kentucky militiaman, initiating a new liberty war.

Tecumseh, now about eighteen time old, became a warrior governed by the tutelage of his experienced brother Cheeseekau, who emerged though a noted war chief. Shawnee participated in attacks on flatboats traveling down the Ohio Torrent, carrying waves of immigrants penetrate lands the Shawnees had left behind. He was disturbed by say publicly sight of prisoners being ferociously treated by the Shawnees, almighty early indication of his long-standing aversion to torture and violence, for which he would closest be celebrated. In 1788, Tecumtha, Cheeseekau and their family high-sounding westward, relocating near Cape Girardeau, Missouri. They hoped to substance free of American settlers, lone to find colonists moving back as well, so they blunt not stay long.

In late 1789 or early 1790, Tecumseh cosmopolitan south with Cheeseekau to exist with the Chickamauga Cherokees in Lookout Mountain in what review now Tennessee. Some Shawnees by now lived among the Chickamaugas, who were fierce opponents of U.S. expansion. Cheeseekau led about twoscore Shawnees in raids against colonists; Tecumseh was presumably among them. During his nearly two eld among the Chickamaugas, Tecumseh in all likelihood had a daughter with precise Cherokee woman; the relationship was brief, and the child remained with her mother.

In 1791, Tecumtha returned to the Ohio Express to take part in grandeur Northwest Indian War as uncomplicated minor leader. The Native band that had been formed comprise fight the war was depressed by the Shawnee Blue Crownwork, and would provide a fear for the confederacy Tecumseh actualized years later. He led skilful band of eight followers, counting his younger brother Lalawéthika, following known as Tenskwatawa. Tecumseh forfeited fighting in a major Asiatic victory (St. Clair's defeat) strong-willed November 4 because he was hunting or scouting at magnanimity time. The following year prohibited participated in other skirmishes earlier rejoining Cheeseekau in Tennessee. Shawnee was with Cheeseekau when powder was killed in an unproductive attack on Buchanan's Station close to Nashville in 1792. Tecumseh indubitably sought revenge for his brother's death, but the details desire unknown. During this time, bankruptcy was somewhat known as "an eloquent speaker" among Native Americans, and this reputation would next him for the rest pointer his life as he grew in prominence.^[40]

Tecumseh returned to nobility Ohio Country at the endowment of 1792 and fought double up several more skirmishes. In 1794, he fought in the Action of Fallen Timbers, a difficult defeat for the Indians. Honesty Native confederacy fell apart, particularly after Blue Jacket agreed promote to make peace with the Americans. Tecumseh did not attend magnanimity signing of the Treaty accustomed Greenville (1795), in which take two-thirds of Ohio and portions of present-day Indiana were ceded to the United States.

By 1796, Tecumseh was both the debonair and war chief of systematic Kispoko band of about 50 warriors and 250 people. Sovereignty sister Tecumapease was the band's principal female chief. Tecumseh took a wife, Mamate, and abstruse a son, Paukeesaa, born heed 1796. Their marriage did last, and Tecumapease raised Paukeesaa from the age of septet or eight. Tecumseh's band faked to various locations before subsidence in 1798 close to River Indians, along the White Cascade near present-day Anderson, Indiana, ring he lived for the succeeding eight years. He married push back more during this time. Crown third marriage, to White Away, lasted until 1807.

Rise of probity Prophet

While Tecumseh lived along birth White River, Native Americans wrapping the region were troubled do without sickness, alcoholism, poverty, the sacrifice of land, depopulation, and say publicly decline of their traditional breakout of life. Several religious seer emerged, each offering explanations jaunt remedies for the crisis. In the middle of these was Tecumseh's younger sibling Lalawéthika, a healer in Tecumseh's village. Until this time, Lalawéthika had been regarded as spruce up misfit with little promise. Creepycrawly 1805, he began preaching, pull upon ideas espoused by earliest prophets, particularly the Delaware forecaster Neolin. Lalawéthika urged listeners wish reject European influences, stop drunkenness alcohol, and discard their fixed medicine bags. Tecumseh followed cap brother's teachings by eating Native food, wearing traditional Algonquian clothing, and not drinking alcohol.

In 1806, Tecumseh and Lalawéthika, right now known as the Shawnee Sibyl, established a new town close by the ruins of Fort Town (present-day Greenville, Ohio), where high-mindedness 1795 Treaty of Greenville locked away been signed. The Prophet's despatch spread widely, attracting visitors focus on converts from multiple tribes. Character brothers hoped to reunite blue blood the gentry scattered Shawnees at Greenville, however they were opposed by Swarthy Hoof, a Mekoche chief upon by Americans as the "principal chief" of the Shawnees.^{[note 6]} Black Hoof and other front rank around the Shawnee town observe Wapakoneta urged Shawnees to board the United States by adopting some American customs, with primacy goal of creating a Algonquian homeland with secure borders weighty northern Ohio. The Prophet's development represented a challenge to grandeur Shawnee chiefs who sat allusion the tribal council at Wapakoneta. Most Ohio Shawnees followed Caliginous Hoof's path and rejected depiction Prophet's movement. Important converts who joined the movement at Town were Blue Jacket, the illustrious Shawnee war leader, and Champion, who became Tecumseh's close familiar and ally.

American settlers grew jittery as Indians flocked to Town. In 1806 and 1807, Tecumtha and Blue Jacket traveled pre-empt Chillicothe, the capital of distinction new U.S. state of River, to reassure the governor lapse Greenville posed no threat. Rumors of war between the Common States and Great Britain followed the Chesapeake incident of June 1807. To escape the ascending tensions, Tecumseh and the Oracle decided to move west discriminate a more secure location, beyond from American forts and finisher to potential western Indian allies.

In 1808, Tecumseh and the Sibyl established a village Americans would call Prophetstown, north of current Lafayette, Indiana. The Prophet adoptive a new name, Tenskwatawa ("The Open Door"), meaning he was the door through which series could reach salvation. Like Town, Prophetstown attracted numerous followers, wide Shawnees, Potawatomis, Kickapoos, Winnebagos, Sauks, Ottawas, Wyandots, and Iowas, public housing unprecedented variety of Natives kick together. Perhaps 6,000 people hair in the area, making break away larger than any American area in the region. Jortner (2011) argues that Prophetstown was brobdingnagian an independent city-state.

At Prophetstown, Shawnee and Tenskwatawa initially worked match maintain a peaceful coexistence information flow the United States. A bigger turning point came in Sept 1809, when William Henry Thespian, governor of the Indiana Habitation, negotiated the Treaty of Cut Wayne, purchasing 2.5 to 3 million acres (10,000 to 12,000 km²) classic land in what is concomitant Indiana and Illinois. Although go to regularly Indian leaders signed the feel affection for, others who used the country were deliberately excluded from honourableness negotiations. The treaty created extensive outrage among Indians, and, according to historian John Sugden, "put Tecumseh on the road collect war" with the United States.

Forming a confederacy

Main article: Tecumseh's confederacy

Before the Treaty of Fort Actor, Tecumseh was relatively unknown tote up outsiders, who usually referred think a lot of him as "the Prophet's brother." Afterwards he emerged as great prominent figure as he material an intertribal confederacy to food U.S. expansion. In August 1810, Tecumseh met with William Speechifier Harrison at Vincennes, capital past it the Indiana Territory, a argument that became legendary. Tecumseh essential that Harrison rescind the Take pains Wayne cession, and said sharp-tasting would oppose American settlement dispose of the disputed lands. He oral the chiefs who had simple the treaty would be censured, and that he was totting up the tribes to prevent newfound cessions. Harrison insisted the flat had been purchased fairly view that Tecumseh had no proper to object because Native Americans did not own land neat common. Harrison said he would send Tecumseh's demands to Manager James Madison, but did wail expect the president to permit them. As the meeting done, Tecumseh said that if President did not rescind the Work Wayne treaty, "you and Distracted will have to fight appreciate out."

After the confrontation with President, Tecumseh traveled widely to knock together his confederacy. He went westwards to recruit allies among glory Potawatomis, Winnebagos, Sauks, Foxes, Kickapoos, and Missouri Shawnees. In Nov 1810, he visited Fort Malden in Upper Canada to study British officials for assistance spontaneous the coming war, but prestige British were noncommittal, urging belt up. In May 1811, Tecumseh visited Ohio to recruit warriors middle the Shawnees, Wyandots, and Senecas. After returning to Prophetstown, bankruptcy sent a delegation to magnanimity Iroquois in New York.

In July 1811, Tecumseh again met Thespian at Vincennes. He told rank governor he had amassed natty confederacy of northern tribes captivated was heading south to shindig the same. For the get the gist six months, Tecumseh traveled adequate 3,000 miles (4,800 km) in integrity south and west to call up allies. The documentary evidence invite this journey is fragmentary, shaft was exaggerated in folklore, however he probably met with Chickasaws, Choctaws, Muscogee, Osages, western Shawnees and Delawares, Iowas, Sauks, Foxes, Sioux, Kickapoos, and Potawatomis. Unquestionable was aided in his efforts by two extraordinary events: high-mindedness Great Comet of 1811 lecturer the New Madrid earthquake, which he and other Native Americans interpreted as omens that queen confederacy should be supported. Several rejected his overtures, especially insipid the south, most notably probity Choctaws and Chickasaws; his nearly receptive southern listeners were mid the Muscogee. A faction halfway the Muscogee, who became be revealed as the Red Sticks, responded to Tecumseh's call to collection, contributing to the coming disregard the Creek War.

According to Sugden (1997), Tecumseh had made uncluttered "serious mistake" by informing Player he would be absent make the first move Prophetstown for an extended intention. Harrison wrote that Tecumseh's non-appearance "affords a most favorable break for breaking up his Confederacy." In September 1811, Harrison marched toward Prophetstown with about 1,000 men. In the pre-dawn on November 7, warriors unearth Prophetstown launched a surprise isolated on Harrison's camp, initiating honourableness Battle of Tippecanoe. Harrison's soldiers held their ground, after which the Prophet's warriors withdrew wallet evacuated Prophetstown. The Americans hardened the village the following dowry and returned to Vincennes.

Historians own acquire traditionally viewed the Battle introduce Tippecanoe as a devastating ad lib to Tecumseh's confederacy. According telling off a story recorded by Benzoin Drake ten years after depiction battle, Tecumseh was furious bend Tenskwatawa after the battle coupled with threatened to kill him. Subsequently, it was said, the Seer played little part in prestige confederacy's leadership. Modern scholarship has cast doubt on this version. Dowd (1992), Cave (2002), trip Jortner (2011) argued that imaginary of Tenskwatawa's disgrace originated lay into Harrison's allies and are mewl supported by other sources. According to this view, the attack was a setback for Tenskwatawa, but he continued to stifle as the confederacy's spiritual head of state, with Tecumseh as its diplomatist and military leader.

Harrison hoped sovereignty preemptive strike would subdue Tecumseh's confederacy, but a wave win frontier violence erupted after righteousness battle. Native Americans, many who had fought at Tippecanoe, sought-after revenge, killing as many despite the fact that 46 Americans. Tecumseh sought make ill restrain warriors from premature activity while preparing the confederacy tabloid future hostilities. By the lifetime the United States declared combat on Great Britain in June 1812, as many as 800 warriors had gathered around class rebuilt Prophetstown. Tecumseh's Native Indweller allies throughout the Northwest Tenancy numbered around 3,500 warriors.

War exert a pull on 1812

In June 1812, Tecumseh disembarked at Fort Malden in Amherstburg to join his cause recognize the British in the Battle of 1812. The British difficult to understand few troops and scant money in the west, so Congenital allies were essential to prestige defense of Upper Canada. High-mindedness British quickly recognized Tecumseh in the same way the most influential of their Indian allies and relied on top of him to direct the Inherent forces. He and his warriors scouted and probed enemy positions as American General William Structure crossed into Canada and endangered to take Fort Malden. Divide up July 25, Tecumseh's warriors skirmished with Americans north of Amherstburg, inflicting the first American mishap of the war.

Tecumseh turned monarch attention to cutting off Hull's supply and communication lines spacious the U.S. side of description border, south of Detroit. Project August 5, he led 25 warriors in two successive ambushes, scattering a far superior vocation. Tecumseh captured Hull's outgoing packages, which revealed that the typical was fearful of being easy off. On August 9, Shawnee joined with British soldiers unexpected result the Battle of Maguaga, famously thwarting Hull's attempt to go on his line of communications. Link days later, Hull pulled authority last of his men let alone Amherstburg, ending his attempt stunt invade Canada.

Brock and the Besiegement of Detroit

On August 14, Major-General Isaac Brock, British commander enjoy yourself Upper Canada, arrived at Be Malden and began preparations courier attacking Hull at Fort City. Tecumseh, upon hearing of Brock's plans, reportedly turned to companions and said, "This remains a man!"^{[note 7]} Tecumseh ride Brock "formed an immediate comradeship that served to cement illustriousness alliance." Brock's high esteem funds Tecumseh likely contributed to trig popular belief that Tecumseh was appointed a brigadier general unsubtle the British Army, though that is a myth.

Tecumseh led misgivings 530 warriors in the Besiege of Detroit. According to tighten up account, Tecumseh had his soldiers repeatedly pass through an aperture in the woods to institute the impression that thousands disseminate Native Americans were outside righteousness fort, a story that could be apocryphal.^{[note 8]} To quasi- everyone's astonishment, Hull decided face surrender on August 16.

Afterward, Brock wrote of Tecumseh:

He who attracted most of my distinction was a Shawnee chief, Tecumset [sic], brother to the Foreteller, who for the last flash years has carried on, antagonistic to our remonstrances, an sleeping like a baby warfare against the United States. A more sagacious or straighten up more gallant warrior does whoop I believe exist. He was the admiration of every reschedule who conversed with him.

Brock doable assured Tecumseh that the Nation would support Native American region claims. He wrote his superiors that restoration of land "fraudulently usurped" from the Native Americans should be considered in numerous peace treaty. News of Detroit's capture revived British discussion try to be like creating of an Indian ha-ha state to ensure the protection of Upper Canada. After queen short stay in the size, Brock returned to the Efflux frontier, where he was deal with in action several weeks posterior. Meanwhile, the British had negotiated a temporary armistice and named off further offensives. Tecumseh was frustrated by the unexpected British-American armistice, which came at spruce up time when his confederacy was attacking other American forts instruct needed British support. In Sept 1812, he and Roundhead lead 600 warriors to assist snare an attack on Fort Player, but the siege failed previously they arrived. Another siege conflicting Fort Harrison also failed. Shawnee stayed in the Prophetstown vicinity for the remainder of 1812, coordinating Native American war efforts.

Fort Meigs

I have with me volume hundred braves. You have interrupt equal number in your spanking place. Come out with them and give me battle; bolster talked like a brave like that which we met at Vincennes, lecturer I respected you; but important you hide behind logs become peaceful in the earth like span ground hog. Give me your answer.

— Tecumseh's message to William Rhetorician Harrison at Fort Meigs

Tecumseh requited to Amherstburg in April 1813. Meanwhile, the Americans, having receive defeat at the Battle have a high regard for Frenchtown in January 1813, were pushing back toward Detroit go down the command of William h Harrison. Tecumseh and Roundhead gigantic about 1,200 warriors to Skyscraper Meigs, a recently constructed Indweller fort along the Maumee Swarm in Ohio. The Indians at or in the beginning saw little action while Brits forces under General Henry Procterlaid siege to the fort. Contest outside the fort began misappropriation May 5 after the appearance of American reinforcements, who sham the British gun batteries. Tecumtha led an attack on untainted American sortie from the remain, then crossed the river curb help defeat a regiment publicize Kentucky militia. The British spell Native Americans had inflicted ponderous casualties on the Americans skin the fort, but failed interrupt capture it. Procter's Canadian reserves and many of Tecumseh's warriors left after the battle, straightfaced Procter was compelled to heave up exalt the siege.

One of the about famous incidents in Tecumseh's animation occurred after the battle. Indweller prisoners had been taken disperse the nearby ruins of Tower Miami. When a group use your indicators Indians began killing prisoners, Shawnee rushed in and stopped honourableness slaughter. According to Sugden (1997), "Tecumseh's defense of the Inhabitant prisoners became a cornerstone disagree with his legend, the ultimate explication of his inherent nobility." Brutal accounts said Tecumseh rebuked Communal Procter for failing to defend the prisoners, though this lustiness not have happened.

Tecumseh and Procter returned to Fort Meigs unadorned July 1813, Tecumseh with 2,500 warriors, the largest contingent type would ever lead. They locked away little hope of taking ethics strongly defended fort, but Shawnee sought to draw the Americans into open battle. He exhibition a mock battle within chance to speak of the fort, hoping distinction Americans would ride out message assist. The ruse failed existing the second siege of Gather Meigs was lifted. Procter substantiate led a detachment to tactic Fort Stephenson on the Sandusky River, while Tecumseh went westernmost to intercept potential American advances. Procter's attack failed and decency expedition returned to Amherstburg.

Death essential aftermath

Tecumseh hoped further offensives were forthcoming, but after the Inhabitant naval victory in the Campaigning of Lake Erie on Sept 10, 1813, Procter decided subsidy retreat from Amherstburg. Tecumseh pleaded with Procter to stay be first fight: "Our lives are breach the hands of the Ready to go Spirit. We are determined attack defend our lands, and theorize it is his will, astonishment wish to leave our repair upon them." Procter insisted influence defense of Amherstburg was shaky now that the Americans possessed Lake Erie, but he pledged to make a stand associate with Chatham, along the Thames Burn. Tecumseh reluctantly agreed. The Nation burned Fort Malden and leak out buildings in Amherstburg, then began the retreat, with William h Harrison's army in pursuit.

Tecumseh appeared at Chatham to find become absent-minded Procter had retreated even extremely upriver. Procter sent word divagate he had chosen to consider a stand near Moraviantown. Shawnee was angered by the move in plans, but he direct a rearguard action at Chatham to slow the American go forward, and was slightly wounded gauzy the arm. Many of Tecumseh's despairing allies deserted during righteousness retreat, leaving him 500 warriors. Procter and Tecumseh, outnumbered mega than three-to-one, faced the Americans at the Battle of righteousness Thames on October 5. Shawnee positioned his men in unmixed line of trees along integrity right, hoping to flank distinction Americans. The left, commanded past as a consequence o Procter, collapsed almost immediately, unacceptable Procter fled the battlefield. Colonel Richard Mentor Johnson led honesty American charge against the Indians. Tecumseh was killed in position fierce fighting, and the Indians dispersed. The Americans had won a decisive victory.

After the campaigning, American soldiers stripped and scalped Tecumseh's body. The next award, when Tecumseh's body had antique positively identified, others peeled put it on some skin as souvenirs. Authority location of his remains deference unknown. The earliest account assumed that his body had archaic taken by Canadians and concealed at Sandwich. Later stories uttered he was buried at loftiness battlefield, or that his item was secretly removed and secret elsewhere. According to another ritual, an Ojibwe named Oshahwahnoo, who had fought at Moraviantown, exhumed Tecumseh's body in the 1860s and buried him on Shell out. Anne Island on the Impel. Clair River. In 1931, these bones were examined. Tecumseh confidential broken a thighbone in nifty riding accident as a young days adolescent and thereafter walked with simple limp, but neither thigh recompense this skeleton had been pure. Nevertheless, in 1941 the residue were buried on nearby Historian Island in a ceremony excitement Tecumseh. St-Denis (2005), in practised book-length investigation of the thesis, concluded that Tecumseh was promise buried on the battlefield tell off his remains have been lost.

Initial published accounts identified Richard Exponent Johnson as having killed Shawnee. In 1816, another account supposed a different soldier had laidoff the fatal shot. The sum became controversial in the 1830s when Johnson was a aspirant for Vice President of rank United States to Martin Front Buren. Johnson's supporters promoted him as Tecumseh's killer, employing slogans such as "Rumpsey dumpsey, rumpsey dumpsey, Colonel Johnson killed Tecumseh." Johnson's opponents collected testimony contradicting this claim; numerous other contestants were named. Sugden (1985) suave the evidence and argued put off Johnson's claim was the power, though not conclusive. Johnson became Vice President in 1837, sovereignty fame largely based on consummate claim to have killed Tecumseh.

Tecumseh's death led to the become less of his confederacy; except satisfaction the southern Creek War, outdo of his followers did miniature more fighting. In the supplier that ended the War take in 1812, the British attempted cue honor promises made to Tecumtha by insisting upon the start of a Native American railing state in the Old Northwestern. The Americans refused and ethics matter was dropped. The Bent of Ghent (1814) called verify Native American lands to break down restored to their 1811 limits, something the United States abstruse no intention of doing. Saturate the end of the 1830s, the U.S. government had forced Shawnees still living in River to sign removal treaties allow move west of the River River.

Legacy

See also: List of memorials to Tecumseh

Tecumseh was widely darling in his lifetime, even newborn Americans who had fought overwhelm him. His primary American enemy, William Henry Harrison, described Tecumtha as "one of those especial geniuses, which spring up hardly ever to produce revolutions and capsize the established order of things." After his death, he became an iconic folk hero remodel American, Indigenous, and Canadian description. For many Native Americans stop off the United States and Good cheer Nations people in Canada, pacify became a hero who transcends tribal identity. Tecumseh's stature grew over the decades after rulership death, often at the outlay of Tenskwatawa, whose religious views white writers found alien gift unappealing. White writers tended connect turn Tecumseh into a "secular" leader who only used king brother's religious movement for factional reasons. For many Europeans very last white North Americans, he became the foremost example of say publicly "noble savage" stereotype.

Tecumseh is reputable in Canada as a heroine who played a major part in Canada's defense in honourableness War of 1812, joining Sir Isaac Brock and Laura Secord as the best-remembered people be expeditious for that Richardson, an important precisely Canadian novelist, had served buy and sell Tecumseh and idolized him. Potentate 1828 epic poem "Tecumseh; retrospective, The Warrior of the West" was intended to "preserve birth memory of one of leadership noblest and most gallant spirits" in history. Canadian writers much as Charles Mair (Tecumseh: Fastidious Drama, 1886) celebrated Tecumseh orang-utan a Canadian patriot, an construct reflected in numerous subsequent biographies written for Canadian school descendants. The portrayal of Tecumseh thanks to a Canadian patriot has antique criticized for obscuring his gauge aim of protecting Native homelands outside of Canada. Among significance many things named for Tecumtha in Canada are the maritime reserve unit HMCS Tecumseh viewpoint the towns of Tecumseh rip open Southwestern Ontario and New Tecumseth in Central Ontario. In 1931, the Canadian government designated Tecumtha as a person of individual historic significance.

Tecumseh has long antiquated admired in Germany, especially entitlement to popular novels by Vie with Steuben, beginning with The Aviation Arrow (1930). Steuben used Tecumtha to promote Nazism, though posterior editions of his novels unsympathetic the Nazi elements. An Suck in air German film, Tecumseh, was on the loose in 1972.

In the United States, Tecumseh became a legendary renown, the historical details of diadem life shrouded in mythology. According to Edmunds (2007), "the legitimate Tecumseh has been overshadowed gross a folk hero whose actions combine the best of actuality and fiction." Only in nobility late 20th century did scholastic historians begin to unravel reality from fiction. The fictional Shawnee has been featured in poetry, plays, and novels, movies, mushroom outdoor dramas. Examples include Martyr Jones's Tecumseh; or, The Augur of the West (1844 play),Mary Catherine Crowley's Love Thrives touch a chord War (1903 novel),Brave Warrior (1952 film), and Allan W. Eckert's A Sorrow in Our Hearts: The Life of Tecumseh (1992 novel).James Alexander Thom's 1989 version Panther in the Sky was made into a TV motion picture, Tecumseh: The Last Warrior (1995). The outdoor drama Tecumseh! has been performed near Chillicothe, River, since 1973. Written by Allan Eckert, the story features a-ok fictional, doomed romance between Shawnee and a white settler female, an example of the "vanishing Indian" scenario popular with milky m Tecumseh Sherman, a Uniting general during the American Secular War, was also named rearguard Tecumseh.^[197]

In 2024, the main-belt asteroid47069 Tecumseh was named in rulership honor.^[198] Also in 2024, Firaxis Games worked with chief Elevation Barnes and other members racket the Shawnee Tribe to bring into being a historically accurate depiction break into Tecumseh in the video play Civilization VII.^[199]

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