M g ramachandran biography of william shakespeare

Indian actor and prior Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1917–1987)

"MGR" and "M.G.R." redirect hither. For other uses, see MGR (disambiguation).

In this Indian name, nobleness name Maruthur Gopalan is uncluttered patronymic, and the person obligated to be referred to by description given name, Ramachandran.

Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran (17 Jan 1917 – 24 December 1987), popularly known by his indicate M.G.R., was an Indian entity, politician and philanthropist who served as the Chief Minister of Dravidian Nadu from 1977 until his mortality in 1987. He was representation founder and first general grub streeter of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.^[2] On 19 March 1988, Ramachandran was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's supreme extreme civilian honour. Ramachandran is reputed as one of the near influential politicians of post-independence India.^[3] Apart from politics, as marvellous film personality he won loftiness National Film Award, two Dravidian Nadu State Film Awards distinguished two Filmfare Award South.

In his youth, Ramachandran and realm elder brother M. G. Chakrapani became members of a representation troupe to support their stock. Influenced by Gandhian ideals, Ramachandran joined the Indian National Period. After a few years hegemony acting in plays, he unchanging his film debut in say publicly 1936 film Sathi Leelavathi make known a supporting role. By significance late 1940s, he had mark to lead roles. Ramachandran was one of the "three brute names of Tamil cinema", excellence other two being Sivaji Ganesan and Gemini Ganesan.^[4] While Sivaji Ganesan excelled in dramatic pictures, Gemini Ganesan was known long for his romantic films, M. Vague. Ramachandran was popular as distinctive action hero.^[5]

Ramachandran became a adherent of the C. N. Annadurai-led Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK party) and rose through its ranks, using his popularity as spruce up film star to build exceptional political base. In 1972, team a few years after Annadurai's death, loosen up left the DMK, then act by M. Karunanidhi to play a part his own party—the All Bharat Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). Five years later, Ramachandran steered an AIADMK-led alliance to make sorry in the 1977 election, routing the DMK in the method. He became Chief Minister be expeditious for Tamil Nadu, the first album actor to become a cover minister in India. Except assistance a four-month interregnum in 1980, when his government was prosaic by the Union government, be active remained as chief minister drive his death in 1987, influential the AIADMK to two work up electoral wins in 1980^[6] challenging 1984.^[7]

In October 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with kidney failure gorilla a result of diabetes. Smartness died on 24 December 1987 in his Ramavaram Gardens place in Manapakkam after a lengthy illness. His autobiography Naan Yaen Piranthaen (Why I was Born) was published in 2003.^[8]

Early step and background

Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran was born in Nawalapitiya, Kandy Region, British Ceylon (Srilanka) in spick Malayali family to Melakkath Gopalan Menon and Maruthur Satyabhama immigrant Palakkad, in the modern-day Asiatic state of Kerala.^[9] His parents were Nairs from Palakkad local, MGR further claimed to live of TamilKongu Vellalar descent whose ancestors had settled in Kerala centuries ago became Nairs.^{[10][11][12][13]}

Gopalan Menon died when Ramachandran was steady two and a half length of existence old. Just after the stain of his father, his girl too died due to assume health. His mother had anticipate struggle alone to bring concerning Ramachandran and his brother. She took the decision to reappear to India and went shoulder to Kerala where she bed demoted to get the support nominate her relatives. With the facilitate of Velu Nair of Kumbakonam, Satyabhama put both her curriculum in school.^[14]

It was in academy that Ramachandran started his charade career and joined the Boys Company drama troupe taking allowance in the rigorous training programmes conducted by the troupe remit the areas of singing, recreation, sword fighting, diction and recollection with active interest and involvement.^[2]

The challenges faced by him nearby his early life and puberty played an important role hassle shaping his character and national career. After a brief finicky stint overseas with the expenditure of Madras Kandasamy Mudaliar, around which he had played mortal roles, he returned to Bharat and rejoined the Boys Society and started playing lead roles for the first time.^[14]

In her highness early days, Ramachandran was dialect trig devout Hindu and a partisan of Lord Sri Murugan, status his mother's favourite godLord Sri Guruvayurappan.^[15] After joining the DMK, he turned a rationalist.^[16]

Ramachandran's prime marriage was to Chitarikulam Bargavi, also known as Thangamani, who died early due to proposal illness. He later married fulfill the second time, to Satyanandavati, who also died soon make something stand out marriage due to tuberculosis.^[17] Late Ramachandran married for the bag time, this time to Absolutely. N. Janaki a former Dravidian film actress who was before his leading lady and on the rocks future chief minister of Dravidian Nadu.^[18] Ramachandran had no coherent children from any of enthrone marriages.^[19]

Acting career

Ramachandran made his integument debut in 1936, in excellence film Sathi Leelavathi,^[20] directed be oblivious to Ellis R. Dungan, an American-born film director.^[21] Generally starring divulge romance or action films, Ramachandran got his breakthrough in authority 1950 film written by Mixture. Karunanidhi. Soon he rose progress to popularity with the 1954 skin Malaikkallan. He acted as heroine in the Tamil film industry's first ever full length Gevacolor film, the 1955 Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum. He won the Genetic Film Award for Best Feature for the film Rickshawkaran deal 1972.

His 1973 blockbuster Ulagam Sutrum Valiban broke the former box office records of authority films. It was one consume the few films filmed distant in those days. It was shot in Singapore, Malaysia, Siam, Hong Kong and Japan. Ruler acting career ended in 1987 with his last film Ullagam Suthi Paru, in which yes acted even though he abstruse been diagnosed with kidney failure.^[22] Ramachandran said there was clumsy question of ‘retirement’ for anecdote associated in whichever capacity make contact with the cine field.^[23]

Mentor

Kali N. Rathnam, a pioneer of Tamil intensity drama, and K.P. Kesavan were mentors of Ramachandran in emperor acting career.^[24]

Political career

Ramachandran was uncluttered member of the Congress Entity till 1953, and he stirred to wear khādī. In 1953  Ramachandran joined the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), or Dravidian Continuing Federation, attracted by founder Parable. N. Annadurai. He became dinky vocal Tamil and Dravidian patriot and prominent member of DMK. He added glamour to loftiness Dravidian movement which was all-embracing Tamil Nadu. Ramachandran became pure member of the state Lawmaking Council in 1962. At prestige age of 50, he was first elected to the Dravidian Nadu Legislative Assembly in 1967. After the death of diadem mentor, Annadurai, Ramachandran became position treasurer of DMK in 1969 after Muthuvel Karunanidhi became greatness Chief Minister.^{[citation needed]}

1967 assassination attempt

The actor and politician M. Regard. Radha and Ramachandran had mannered in 25 films together. Get-together 12 January 1967, Radha other a producer visited Ramachandran problem talk about a future disc project. During the conversation, Grouping. R. Radha stood up see shot Ramachandran in his omitted ear twice and then tested to shoot himself.^[25]

After the action, Ramachandran's voice changed. Since inaccuracy had been shot in tiara ear, Ramachandran lost hearing utilize his left ear and esoteric ringing problems in the try to get. These further surfaced in 1983 when he had kidney power. When Sinnappa Devar paid jurisdiction first visit to see Ramachandran at the hospital after righteousness shooting incident he paid Ramachandran an advance for Ramachandran's go along with film. After getting released take the stones out of the hospital and finishing Arasakattalai, Ramachandran acted in Devar's pick up Vivasaayee against doctors' advice. Birthright to the operation, Ramachandran's collectively parts in the film Kaavalkaaran were reduced. This was excellence only film in which Ramachandran spoke with old and contemporary voices between scenes: Ramachandran was acting in the film Kaavalkaran in 1967 opposite J. Jayalalithaa when the shooting occurred.^{[citation needed]}

Petralthaan Pillaya was the last membrane of Ramachandran-M. R. Radha group. Shooting ended just few cycle before Ramachandran was shot. Distinction bullet was permanently lodged acquit yourself his neck and his thoroughly damaged. Within hours of excellence shooting, some 50,000 fans locked away gathered at the hospital ring Ramachandran had been taken. Grouping cried in the streets. Back six weeks, he lay make happen the hospital as fans anticipated each report of his variable. He was visited by trim steady stream of commoners stomach luminaries of film industry, government and bureaucracy. From his asylum bed, he conducted his crusade for the Madras Legislative Troupe. He won twice the figure of votes polled by top Congress rival and the surpass vote polled by any runner for the Assembly.^[26]

Differences with Karunanidhi and birth of AIADMK

In 1972, DMK leader Karunanidhi started extract project his first son Mixture. K. Muthu in a capacious way in film and public affairs, around the same time Ramachandran was accusing that corruption locked away grown in the party back end the demise of C. Folkloric. Annadurai. Consequently, Ramachandran was expelled from the party. Upon sovereign ouster from DMK, his need no invitation Anakaputhur Ramalingam started a pristine party called the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Joined as top-notch member of that party soar became its leader and popular secretary.^[27] later renamed All Bharat Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), the only powerful opponent method the DMK. He mobilised amidst 1972 and 1977 to allembracing and preach his party craving with films like Netru Indru Naalai (1974), Idhayakani (1975), Indru Pol Endrum Vazhga (1977), etc.^{[citation needed]}

Continued success in TN Circle elections

1977 Assembly elections

See also: Good cheer Ramachandran ministry

The AIADMK contested prestige 1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative. Dignity election was a four unfree contest between the AIADMK, DMK, the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Janata Party. Significance AIADMK allied itself with probity Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPIM), while INC(I) and Socialist Party (CPI) contested as alliance. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)and Janata Party (JNP) contested position elections alone. The AIADMK blunt not field any candidate space the Usilampatti Constituency in cooperate of the All India Bold Bloc leader P.K. Mookiah Thevar. Similarly, the AIADMK also wiry the Indian Union Muslim Association (IUML) candidate M. Abdul Latheef in the Vaniyambadi Constituency. Hoax the parliamentary elections that occurred just three months prior run into these elections, there had antique two major alliances – integrity AIADMK led AIADMK-INC-CPI coalition avoid the DMK led DMK-NCO-JNP-CPM alinement. But in the months zigzag followed the parliamentary election, these coalitions fell apart. The AIADMK alliance won the elections give up winning 144 seats out infer 234 and Ramachandran became grandeur Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Upon winning the 1977 shape elections, Ramachandran became the Leading Minister of Tamil Nadu keep control 30 June 1977, remaining check office till his death get round 1987. In 1979, members take possession of his party Satyavani Muthu unacceptable Aravinda Bala Pajanor became picture first non-Congress politicians from Dravidian Nadu to be ministers temper the Union Cabinet. The AIADMK won every state assembly choosing as long as Ramachandran was alive. Although Annadurai and Karunanidhi had acted in stage plays in trivial roles, in their younger days, before becoming central minister, Ramachandran was the important popular film actor to suitably a Chief Minister in Bharat.

1980 Parliament and assembly elections

See also: Second Ramachandran ministry

All Bharat Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam combined with Indian National Congress (Indira) in the 1977 parliamentary plebiscite. However, when Janata Party won the election and Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister, Ramachandran extended unconditional support to rendering Janata party Government. He spread his support to the Charan Singh Government in 1979. Aft the fall of the Charan Singh government, fresh parliamentary elections were conducted in 1980. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam struck alliance refurbish INC(I). AIADMK and Janata Aggregation alliance won only 2 sitting room in Tamil Nadu in lose concentration parliamentary election. INC(I) won loftiness election and Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister. Congress-DMK bring down in the 1980 parliamentary preference emboldened their alliance and plain them think that people departed their faith in Ramachandran management. DMK pressed the central rule to dismiss the Tamil Nadu government using similar allegations threadbare by Ramachandran to dismiss DMK government in 1976. The AIADMK ministry and the assembly were dismissed by the central control and fresh elections conducted call a halt 1980. Despite their victory pressgang the 1980 Lok Sabha polls, DMK and Indira Congress abortive to win the legislative body election. AIADMK won the poll and its leader and binding Chief Minister, M. G. Ramachandran was sworn in as Cheat Minister for the second in the house.

1984 assembly elections

See also: Bag Ramachandran ministry

Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984. Amid the same time, M. Woolly. Ramachandran was diagnosed with classification failure and admitted into marvellous hospital in New York Flexibility. Rajiv Gandhi assumed office straightaway and this required a at a halt mandate from the people. Asian National Congress (Indira) and Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam formed erior alliance and contested the poll. M. G. Ramachandran was close to the hospital. Video safeguard of Ramachandran recuperating in retreat along with Indira Gandhi's traducement were stitched together by description AIADMK man in charge loom campaigning, R. M. Veerappan. Probity video was distributed and high-sounding across all over Tamil Nadu. Rajiv Gandhi visited cyclone-hit areas in Tamil Nadu, which extremely boosted the alliance. The pity wave created by Indira's traducement, Ramachandran's illness and Rajiv Gandhi's charisma helped the alliance off the leader M. Karunanidhi sincere not contest this election, theory test to the fact that goodness AIADMK leader Ramachandran was avowed to a hospital in probity U.S. and Indira Gandhi train assassinated. It was a avalanche victory for AIADMK-Congress combine which won 195 seats in troop polls. The electoral victory concrete the undying charisma of Ramachandran upon the masses.

Failed Coalition Talks with DMK

Karunanidhi claimed edge 1 April 2009 and continue on 13 May 2012 go Ramachandran was ready for rank merger of his party drag the DMK in September 1979, with former chief minister wheedle Odisha Biju Patnaik acting primate the mediator. The plan useless, because Panruti Ramachandran, who was close to Ramachandran acted because a spoiler and Ramachandran at variance his mind.^[28][29][30]

Criticism and controversies

Even tail end his death, Ramachandran proved telling off be very popular in honesty state and his rule has been cited by many representative his contemporaries as best think it over the country.^{[31][citation needed]} However, ruler rule is not without contempt. Economic data under his principle showed that annual growth pivotal per capita income was turn down than the national average bid the state went from gaze second among 25 industrialised states in development after Kamaraj's launch an attack to tenth. This decline, according to critics has been test to shift of government way from power and irrigation taking place social and agriculture sector according to Madras Institute of Occurrence Studies reported in 1988. Boil addition, the emphasis on "welfare schemes" such as free intensity to farmers, mid-day meal knowledge, etc. has been seen emergency many as taking money overthrow from infrastructure development that could have benefited the poor. Outing addition, the liquor tax enforced during his rule was thoughtful to contribute to a retarded tax mostly affecting the poor.^{[citation needed]}

Other criticisms have been collection Ramachandran's centralised decision-making, which numerous blame for inefficiency and dishonesty taking hold of his conduct. Some examples stated by say publicly critics include Goondas act fall apart 1982 and other acts think about it limited political criticism in magnanimity media, which led to spick "police state" during his direction. While these criticisms have antediluvian in the minority, supporters clever Ramachandran counter that most achieve these problems were a conclusion of the party members dollop Ramachandran rather than the director himself. While he is not quite considered a divisive figure meat the state, critics and purchasers alike agree that his temptation and popularity trumped policy decisions that led to his last success during his tenure primate chief minister.^[32]

Natwar Singh in wreath autobiography One Life is Slogan Enough alleges that Ramachandran behind closed doors supported the cause of unfettered Tamil Eelam and financed nobility LTTE and their cadres were being given military training hillock Tamil Nadu. He also alleges that Ramachandran considered Jaffna intimation extension of Tamil Nadu extremity without informing the Indian Administration at the time, had able ₹ 4 crore rupees correspond with the LTTE.^[33]

Ramachandran has been offender of being intolerant towards nobleness media. In April 1987, excellence Editor of Ananda VikatanS. Balasubramanian was sentenced to 3 months in jail by the Dravidian Nadu Legislative Assembly for promulgating a cartoon, depicting government ministers as bandits and lawmakers bit pickpockets, though specific legislature was not specified. But due respect media outcry, he was unrestricted and Balasubramanian later won fastidious case against his arrest. Earliest, Vaniga Otrumai editor A.M. Paulraj was sentenced to 2 weeks imprisonment by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for his writing.^[34][35]

Bharat Ratna

After his death in 1987, he became the third Most important Minister from the state blame Tamil Nadu to receive distinction Bharat Ratna after C. Rajagopalachari and K. Kamaraj. The throb of the award was debatable, due to the fact ditch it was given so hasten after his death and do something was elected as Chief Cleric only 11 years before rendering award. Many opponents, mostly out Tamil Nadu, criticised then doom party INC, under Rajiv Statesman to have influenced the decision committee to give the furnish to help win the friendly 1989 Lok Sabha election. Greatness ruling party forming a organization with J. Jayalalithaa, the heir to Ramachandran at that ahead, were able to sweep Dravidian Nadu, winning 38 out make a fuss over 39 seats, INC were notwithstanding unable to win nationally.^[36]

Commemorative coins

To commemorate Ramachandran's Birth centenary riposte 2017, the Ministry of Business, Government of India decided without delay issue ₹100 and ₹5 money that would bear his rise as a portrait along acquiesce an inscription of "Dr. Set. G. Ramachandran Birth Centenary".^[37]

Philanthropy

He from one`s own viewpoin offered relief in disasters bracket calamities like fire, flood, dehydration, and cyclones. He was ethics first donor during the contention with China in 1962 (Sino-Indian War), donating Rs. 75,000 puzzle out the war fund. He was the founder and editor freedom Thai weekly magazine and Anna daily newspaper in Tamil. Without fear was the owner of Sathya Studios and Emgeeyar Pictures (willed to charity) which produced several of the films he up to date in. He had gifted precise golden sword weighing half top-notch Kilogram to Mookambika temple of great consequence Kollur, Udupi district.^[38]

Illness and death

In October 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with kidney failure as unadorned result of uncontrolled diabetes, which was soon followed by capital mild heart attack and copperplate massive stroke.^[39][40] He was thoughtless to the Downstate Medical Heart in New York City, Pooled States for treatment, undergoing dexterous kidney transplant. Despite his indigent health, he did contest glory assembly election held later consider it year while still confined come into contact with the hospital, winning from Andipatti. During the election, photos delineate Ramachandran recuperating in hospital were published, creating a sympathy flutter among the people.^[41] Ramachandran mutual to Madras on 4 Feb 1985 following his recovery.^[42] Loosen up was sworn in as Most important Minister of Tamil Nadu be thankful for the third consecutive term cheer on 10 February 1985. The abide by two years and 10 months were spent in frequent trips to the United States transport treatment.

Ramachandran never fully crap-shooter from his multiple health coerce and died on 24 Dec 1987 at 3:30 am in jurisdiction Ramavaram Gardens residence in Manapakkam^[43] after his prolonged illness. Loosen up was 70 years old. death sparked a frenzy slow looting and rioting over honourableness state. Shops, cinemas, buses accept other public and private effects became the target of fierceness. The police resorted to diffusion shoot-at-sight orders. Schools and colleges immediately announced holidays until greatness situation came under control. Cruelty during the funeral alone maintain equilibrium 129 people dead and 47 police personnel badly wounded. Green and married women allegedly hairless their heads bald and clean like widows. Men whipped woman until they bled to end. There were some extreme repeatedly of people burning themselves journey death and burning villages.^[44][45]

His target was kept in state adventure Rajaji Hall for two stage for the public to allotment their respect. On 25 Dec 1987, his remains were hidden at the northern end answer Marina Beach, now called MGR Memorial, adjacent to the Anna Memorial.^[46]

This state of affairs prolonged for almost a month get across Tamil Nadu. Around one million^[47] people followed his remains, retain 30 followers committed suicide swallow people had their heads tonsured. After his death, his civil party, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, was duct between his wife V. Folklore. Janaki Ramachandran and J. Jayalalithaa; they merged in 1989.

In 1989 Dr. M. G. Notice. Home and Higher Secondary Nursery school for the Speech and Listen to Impaired^[48] was established at character erstwhile residence M.G.R. Thottam, Ramapuram, in accordance with his resolute will and testament written diminution January 1987. His official dwelling-place at 27, Arcot Street, Routine. Nagar is now M.G.R. Tombstone House and is open be selected for public viewing. His film flat, Sathya Studios, has been protected into a women's college effort the name of Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Study for Women.^[49]

Legacy

After his electoral happiness with in 1977, the DMK has not yet returned strengthen power in Tamil Nadu waiting for his death. On 19 Stride 1988, Ramachandran was posthumously revered with Bharat Ratna, India's maximal civilian honour. He is wide acknowledged as "Puratchi Thalaivar" (Revolutionary Leader) in Tamil Nadu. Assault of the major roads get Chennai was named in rule honour, Dr. M.G.R. Salai—it was previously called Gokula Kannan Method, and a statue of Lot. G. Ramachandran now stands less and M.G.R. Nagar, a neighbourhood was named after him in Chennai, Salem Central Charabanc Stand was renamed Bharat Ratna Dr. M.G.R. Central Bus Stand and Omalur Main Road was renamed M.G.R. Salai in Metropolis, Tirunelveli New Bus Stand was renamed Bharat Ratna Dr. M.G.R. Bus Stand in Tirunelveli refuse two parks were named Bharat Ratna Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Park and M.G.R. Park in Thoothukudi.^{[citation needed]}

A life-size statue of Ramachandran was unveiled on 7 Dec 2006 in the Parliament Demonstrate by then Lok Sabha Conversationalist, Somnath Chatterjee in his humiliation and the function was fretful by the former chief clergywoman of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa and notable politicians.^{[citation needed]}

The essential government issued a commemorative bread of ₹ 100 and ₹ 5 denomination to mark significance centenary celebrations of him habitual 17 January 2017 in Chennai.^{[citation needed]}

On 31 October 2017, Administration of Tamil Nadu renamed loftiness Mattuthavani Bus Stand in Madurai as M.G.R. Bus Stand cause somebody to honour him.^[50]

On 9 October 2018, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed the Chennai Mofussil Bus Extremity in Chennai as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R. Bus Terminus come to honour him.^[51]

On 5 April 2019, Government of India renamed greatness Chennai Central in Chennai importance Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station to touch on him.^[52]

On 31 July 2020, Primary Metro in Chennai has antique renamed as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Metro uninviting Government of Tamil Nadu keep from honour him.^[53]

On 17 October 2021, the AIADMK headquarters in City has been renamed as Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai by assemblage leaders in memory of justness party's founder.^[54]

In popular culture

Filmography

Main article: M. G. Ramachandran filmography

Awards person in charge honours

Honours

Other cinema awards

See also

Notes

References