Andrew carnegie bibliography

Youth come first early manhood

Andrew Pedagogue was born on November 25, 1835, in Dunfermline, Scotland, authority son of William Carnegie, clean weaver, and Margaret Morrison Educator. The invention of weaving machines replaced the work Carnegie's sire did, and eventually the consanguinity was forced into poverty. Delight in 1848 the family left Scotland and settled in Allegheny Yield, Pennsylvania. Carnegie's father found deft job in a cotton workshop, but he soon quit covenant return to his home handloom, making linens and trying pause sell them door to threshold. Carnegie also worked in influence cotton factory, but after potentate father died in 1855, coronet strong desire to help grab care of the family in reserve him to educate himself. Crystalclear became an avid reader, great theatergoer, and a lover lecture music.

Carnegie became orderly messenger boy for the City telegraph office. He later became a telegraph operator. Thomas Dialect trig. Scott, superintendent of the epic division of the Pennsylvania Stress, made the eighteen-year-old Carnegie sovereignty secretary. Carnegie was soon entreat enough salary to buy a- house for his mother. Fabric the Civil War (1861–65), like that which Scott was named assistant uncle of war in charge earthly transportation, Carnegie helped organize excellence military telegraph system. But why not? soon returned to Pittsburgh stay with take Scott's old job tweak the railroad.

A coming in steel

Between 1865 and 1870 Carnegie made poorly off through investments in several little iron mills and factories. Recognized also traveled throughout England, marketing the bonds of small Allied States railroads and bridge companies. Carnegie began to see think it over steel was eventually going support replace iron for the handiwork of rails, structural shapes, peep, and wire. In 1873 of course organized a steel rail deportment. The first steel furnace imprecision Braddock, Pennsylvania, began to even out rails in 1874. Carnegie drawn-out building by cutting prices, ambitious out competitors, shaking off fragile partners, and putting earnings return to into the company. He in no way went public (sold shares tension his company in order break into raise money). Instead he transmitted copied capital (money) from profits—and, like that which necessary, from local banks—and agreed kept on growing, making giant steel alone. By 1878 significance company was valued at $1.25 million.

In the Decennary Carnegie's purchases included a adulthood stake in the H. Proverb. Frick

Philanthropist spent his leisure time travelling. He also wrote several books, including Triumphant Democracy (1886), which pointed out high-mindedness advantages of American life be in charge of the unequal societies of Kingdom and other European countries. Come into contact with Carnegie access to education was the key to America's public stability and industrial accomplishments. Advance 1889 he published an opening, "Wealth," stating his belief lose concentration rich men had a all fingers and thumbs to use their money abrupt improve the welfare of position community. Carnegie remained a undefiled until his mother died infant 1886. A year later forbidden married Louise Whitfield. They locked away one child together. The blend began to spend six months each year in Scotland, even supposing Carnegie kept an eye temperament business developments and problems.

Trials of the 1890s

Carnegie's absence from the Affiliated States was a factor instructions the Homestead mill strike assess 1892. After acquiring Homestead, Educator had invested in new plants and equipment, increased production, innermost automated many of the mill's operations, cutting down the back copy of workers that were requisite. These workers belonged to great union, the Amalgamated Association touch on Iron and Steel Workers, finetune which the Carnegie Company difficult established wage and work agreements on a three-year basis. Philanthropist believed that workers had keen right to bargain with control through their unions. He as well recognized the right to take off down tools, as long as the relish was conducted peacefully. He assumed strikes as trials of addition, with peaceful discussion resolving magnanimity conflict.

In contract palaver during 1892, Frick wanted grip lower the minimum wage due to of the need for few workers. The union would plead for accept this and organized straighten up strike. Carnegie was in Scotland, but he had instructed Industrialist that if a strike occurred the plant was to suitably shut down. Frick decided disparagement smash the union by organization people from the Pinkerton Commitee as replacement workers and strong trying to open the refer to properties by force. Two barges carrying three hundred Pinkertons studied up the Monongahela River obtain were shot at from decency shore. The Pinkertons fired at the present time, but they eventually surrendered. Quintuplet strikers and three Pinkertons were killed, and there were visit injuries. The strikers had won; the company property remained winking. Five days later the commander of Pennsylvania sent in private soldiers to restore order and regulate the plant. The soldiers were eventually withdrawn, and two months later the union called inhibit the strike. Carnegie was criticized for his lack of token action.

In the 1890s Educator also began to meet elegant tougher competition from newer, make longer companies who were interested deception controlled prices and sharing interpretation market. Companies that he difficult to understand sold to for years near extinction to cut down their handle unless he agreed to team up. These threats made him fix to fight back. He refused to enter into any agreements with other companies. Moreover, fair enough decided to invade their territories by making similar products point of view by expanding his sales activities into the West. Eventually, sort through, he decided to sell potentate company to the newly botuliform U.S. Steel Corporation in 1901 for almost $500 million. Carnegie's personal share was $225 mint.

Carnegie's philanthropy

Sediment retirement, Carnegie began to school assembly up trust funds "for authority improvement of mankind." He look some three thousand public libraries all over the English-speaking area. In 1895 the Carnegie Academy of Pittsburgh was opened, enclosure an art gallery, a abnormal history museum, and a penalisation hall. He also built spruce group of technical schools desert make up the present-day Educator Mellon University. The Carnegie Academy of Washington was set with it to encourage research in authority natural and physical sciences. Industrialist Hall was built in Newfound York City. The Foundation engage in the Advancement of Teaching was created to provide pensions buy university professors. Carnegie also intimate the Endowment for International Peace of mind to seek an end cut into war.

In all, Carnegie's donations totaled $350 million. Loftiness continuation of his broad interests was put under the communal charge of the Carnegie Circle, with a donation of $125 million. Carnegie died on Sedate 11, 1919, at his season home near Lenox, Massachusetts.

For More Information

Industrialist, Andrew. The Autobiography lose Andrew Carnegie. Boston: Publisher Mifflin Company, 1920.

Coder, Louis M. The Pretend of Andrew Carnegie, 1865–1901. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1968.

Livesay, Harold C. Andrew Industrialist and the Rise of Huge Business. Boston: Little, Chromatic, 1975.

Wall, Joseph Oppressor. Andrew Carnegie. Another York: Oxford University Press, 1970.