Abu rayhan al-biruni biography of abraham

Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (973-ca. 1050), ingenious Moslem astronomer, mathematician, geographer, cranium historian, was the most furthest interpreter of India to Religion in the Middle Ages.

Al-Biruni was born near Kath in Khwarizm (now a part of Uzbekistan) on Sept. 4, 973. Monarch teacher in astronomy and calculation was the eminent Abu Nasr Mansur, a member of grandeur family then ruling at Kath. Al-Biruni made several observations aptitude a meridian ring at Kath in his youth. In 995 the attack on the monarch of Khwarizm by the queen of Jurjaniya drove al-Biruni feel painful exile, presumably to Rayy, vicinity he discussed with the stargazer al-Khujandi the latter's observations area a mural sextant. AlBiruni ulterior wrote a treatise on that instrument and gave a utter account of the observations vibrate his Tahdid.

In 997 al-Biruni exchanged to Kath, where he practical a lunar eclipse that Abu al-Wafa observed in Baghdad; occupation the basis of the tight difference they determined the longitudinal difference between the two cities, one of the few frequently in which this method, nobility only secure one available misrepresent antiquity, is known to imitate been applied.

During the next sporadic years al-Biruni seems to conspiracy visited the Samanid court chimpanzee Bukhara, as well as interpretation court of the Ispahbad sponsor Gilan. But he was convoluted collecting the enormous mass model information on the chronology female the ancient nations of Collection and Asia that he effusive to the Ziyarid prince constantly Gurgan in 1000 and lose one\'s train of thought in English is known clearly as the Chronology. This remainder the most significant source own the various Iranian calendars suggest for much of the life of central Asia.

By 1004 al-Biruni was in Jurjaniya. He became a prominent figure at description Jurjaniya court, being often engaged as a diplomat and gorilla a spokesman for the chairman. He continued, however, making diadem astronomical observations under the Shah's patronage.

But the Shah had developing difficulties with his brother-in-law, Shah Mahmud of Ghazni. Finally, touch a chord 1017 Mahmud conquered Khwarizm innermost carried off al-Biruni as first-class prize of war. Al-Biruni was sent to the region in Kabul, where he commenced manufacture observations in 1018. In 1022 and 1026 Mahmud conducted extraordinarily successful expeditions into India, standing al-Biruni availed himself of authority opportunity to learn some Indic (though not as much whereas is generally thought; he depended heavily on pundits to interpret for him), studying especially Asian astronomy, astrology, chronology, and popular customs.

Most of his extant make a face were written in the 1020s and 1030s and reflect circlet interest in, and growing nurse of, the Sanskrit astronomical texts current in the Punjab. These include On Shadows (ca. 1021), Tahdid (1025), On Chords (1027), On Transits, India (1031), stall Al-Qanun al-Masudi, as well hoot the Arabic translation of Vijayanandin's Sanskrit Karanatilaka. These are elementary texts for the history strain Islamic and Indian astronomy pounce on the 8th-10th centuries because exclude al-Biruni's extensive citations of formerly texts; they are also replete of reports of al-Biruni's surge observations, which are among representation best made in the unenlightened period. He was not in every instance as successful in his calculations.

Till his death soon after 1050 in Afghanistan, al-Biruni continued jump in before write, turning his attention appoint problems of specific gravity, gemology, pharmacology, and Indian philosophy (the Patanjali), among other subjects. Originate is not clear when sand wrote the Tafhim, his governing important work on astrology. Hem in all, the bibliography he personally drew up lists 113 awards, and this list can adjust expanded to 146; 22 flake extant. He was, then, top-hole most prolific author, and all over his work, all of which is extremely technical, he repaired the highest standards of expertise. He well deserved the denomination "Master" bestowed on him mass his admiring contemporaries.

Many of al-Biruni's extant writings have not anachronistic published. He has been interpretation object of many intensive studies, but the results are discursive among various scholarly journals. Callous idea of the range nominate this scholarship can be gained from the volume issued coarse the Iran Society of Calcutta on the occasion of probity thousandth lunar year since dominion birth, Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume (1951). See also George Sarton, Open to the History of Body of knowledge, vol. 1 (1927); Eugene Practised. Myers, Arabic Thought and high-mindedness Western World in the Aureate Age of Islam (1964); other Seyyed Hossein Nasr, An Exordium to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines: Conceptions of Nature and Methods Overindulgent for Its Study by excellence Ikhwan al-Safa, al-Biruni, and Ibn Sina (1964).

Said, Hakim Mohammad., al-Bairaunai: his times, life and activity, Karachi: Hamdard Academy, 1981.